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On September 15

27

Important Days

56

Important Events

355

Births and Deaths

recorded.

Holidays and Occasions

Events

Births and Deaths

Battle of Britain Day (United Kingdom)

Battle of Britain Day: Honoring Heroism and Sacrifice

The Battle of Britain Day, celebrated annually on September 15, is a significant date in the history of the United Kingdom, marking the decisive aerial battle fought during World War II. This day not only commemorates the bravery of the Royal Air Force (RAF) pilots and ground crews but also symbolizes the resilience of the British people during a time of dire threat...

Cry of Dolores, celebrated on the eve of Independence Day (Mexico).

The Cry of Dolores: Celebrating Mexico's Journey to Independence

The Cry of Dolores, or "Grito de Dolores," is a momentous event etched in the heart of Mexican history, celebrated annually as the eve of Independence Day on September 15th. This declaration of independence from Spanish rule is not just a historical milestone; it is a vibrant celebration steeped in culture, tradition, and national pride...

Earliest day on which Father's Day can fall, while September 21 is the latest; celebrated on the third Sunday in September. (Ukraine)

Father's Day in Ukraine: Celebrated on the Third Sunday of September

The essence of Father's Day transcends borders, yet how it is celebrated can vary greatly from one country to another. In Ukraine, Father's Day is observed on the third Sunday in September, making it a unique occasion for honoring fathers and father figures...

Earliest day on which German-American Steuben Parade can fall, while September 21 is the latest; celebrated on the third Saturday in September. (United States, especially New York City)

Understanding the German-American Steuben Parade: Dates and Significance

The German-American Steuben Parade holds a special place in the hearts of many, especially within the vibrant German-American community of New York City. As an annual event, it showcases the rich cultural heritage of German Americans and is celebrated on the third Saturday in September...

Earliest day on which POW/MIA Recognition Day can fall, while September 21 is the latest; celebrated on the third Friday in September. (United States)

Understanding POW/MIA Recognition Day: Significance & Dates

Every year, the United States honors the sacrifice made by soldiers who are Prisoners of War (POW) or Missing in Action (MIA) through POW/MIA Recognition Day. This important commemoration serves to remind us of the enduring legacy and sacrifices of these brave individuals and their families...

Earliest day on which Prinsjesdag can fall, while September 21 is the latest; celebrated on the third Tuesday in September. (Netherlands)

Prinsjesdag: Understanding the Earliest and Latest Dates for this Dutch Tradition

Prinsjesdag, or "Prince's Day," is an important event in the Netherlands that marks the opening of the parliamentary year. It is held annually on the third Tuesday in September, a day that shines a spotlight on the Dutch government’s plans and ambitions for the upcoming year...

Earliest day on which Respect for the Aged Day can fall, while September 21 is the latest; celebrated on the third Monday in September. (Japan)

Respect for the Aged Day: Celebrating Elders in Japan

Respect for the Aged Day, known as Keiro no Hi (敬老の日) in Japanese, is a national holiday dedicated to honoring the elderly and expressing gratitude for their contributions to society. Celebrated on the third Monday in September, this day falls within a week where families and communities come together to recognize the wisdom and achievements of their senior citizens...

Engineer's Day (India)

Engineer’s Day in India: Celebrating M. Visvesvaraya and Engineering Excellence

In India, September 15th is celebrated as Engineer's Day in memory of the legendary engineer, M. Visvesvaraya...

Independence Day, celebrates the Act of Independence of Central America from Spain in 1821 of Guatemala (a Patriotic Day), El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.

Independence Day in Central America: A Celebration of Freedom

Independence Day is a significant patriotic celebration observed across Central America, particularly in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. On September 15, 1821, these nations declared their independence from Spanish colonial rule, marking a pivotal moment in their histories...

International Day of Democracy

International Day of Democracy: Celebrating Our Collective Voice

Every year on September 15, the world observes the International Day of Democracy. This significant day serves as a reminder of the fundamental principles surrounding democracy and its vital role in nurturing peace and prosperity across the globe...

Knowledge Day (Azerbaijan)

Knowledge Day in Azerbaijan: Importance and Celebrations

Knowledge Day, observed on September 15th in Azerbaijan, is a significant occasion that emphasizes the value of education in society. This day marks the beginning of the academic year for students across the country and serves as a reminder of the ongoing commitment to knowledge and learning in Azerbaijan...

Restoration of Primorska to the Motherland Day (Slovenia)

Restoration of Primorska to the Motherland Day in Slovenia

The Restoration of Primorska to the Motherland Day is an important national holiday in Slovenia, celebrated annually on September 15th. This day commemorates the return of the Primorska region to Slovenian territory following World War I, solidifying national identity and cultural heritage among the Slovenian people...

Silpa Bhirasri Day (Thailand).

Silpa Bhirasri Day: A Celebration of Thai Art and Culture

Silpa Bhirasri Day, observed on the 14th of March each year, is a significant date in Thailand, honoring the legacy of the father of modern sculpture in the country, Silpa Bhirasri. This day not only commemorates his contributions to art but also promotes the appreciation of Thailand's rich cultural heritage...

The beginning of German American Heritage Month, celebrated until October 15

The Celebration of German American Heritage Month: September 15 - October 15

As the leaves begin to turn and the chill of autumn settles in, communities across the United States prepare to celebrate German American Heritage Month. This annual observance runs from September 15 to October 15, highlighting the significant contributions of German Americans to the nation’s culture, history, and economy...

The beginning of National Hispanic Heritage Month, celebrated until October 15 (United States)

The Beginning of National Hispanic Heritage Month: Celebrating Culture and Contributions

National Hispanic Heritage Month is a time to recognize and celebrate the rich culture, history, and contributions of Hispanic and Latino Americans. This month-long observance runs from September 15 to October 15 each year, beginning with the independence anniversaries of several Latin American countries...

World Lymphoma Awareness Day (International)

World Lymphoma Awareness Day: Spreading Knowledge and Hope

World Lymphoma Awareness Day is observed every year on September 15th, a day dedicated to raising awareness about lymphoma, its symptoms, treatment options, and the importance of early diagnosis. This international observance aims to educate the public, healthcare professionals, and those affected by lymphoma about this complex group of blood cancers...

Joseph Abibos
FEAST

Joseph Abibos: The Legacy of a Visionary Leader

Joseph Abibos is a name that resonates with determination, vision, and leadership. An influential figure in his community, Abibos has dedicated his life to advancing social causes and spearheading initiatives aimed at improving the quality of life for countless individuals...

Alpinus (Albinus) of Lyon
FEAST

Exploring Alpinus (Albinus) of Lyon: A Key Figure in Early Christian Philosophy

Alpinus, more commonly referenced as Albinus of Lyon, was a significant figure in the early development of Christian thought during the 2nd century. His contributions remain influential in the realms of philosophy and theology, marking him as a pivotal personage in early ecclesiastical history...

Aprus (Èvre) of Toul
FEAST

Explore Aprus (Èvre) in Toul: History, Culture, and Natural Beauty

Located in the picturesque region of Lorraine, Aprus (Èvre) of Toul embodies the rich history and natural beauty of northeastern France. This quaint commune is not only known for its historical significance but also for its stunning landscapes and vibrant local culture...

Catherine of Genoa
FEAST

Catherine of Genoa: A Life of Saintly Dedication and Compassion

Catherine of Genoa, born in 1447, is one of the most revered saints in the Catholic tradition. Known for her deep spiritual insights and compassionate heart, Catherine’s life serves as a profound inspiration to many...

James Chisholm (Episcopal Church)
FEAST

James Chisholm: A Pillar of the Episcopal Church

James Chisholm, an influential figure in the Episcopal Church, has dedicated his life to spiritual service, community building, and theological education. Born in the early 20th century, he emerged as a prominent leader whose work significantly shaped the modern Episcopal Church...

Saint Dominic in Soriano (formerly)
FEAST

Discovering the Legacy of Saint Dominic in Soriano: A Historical Insight

Saint Dominic, the founder of the Dominican Order, has left a profound mark on the history of Christianity and Western education. In the picturesque town of Soriano in Italy, his legacy continues to shape the community, even centuries after his death...

Mamilian of Palermo
FEAST

Discover Mamilian of Palermo: Sicily's Architectural Treasure

Palermo, the vibrant capital of Sicily, is steeped in history and culture. Among its many attractions lies Mamilian of Palermo, a remarkable yet often overlooked landmark that offers a unique glimpse into the region's rich past...

Mirin
FEAST

Understanding Mirin: The Sweet Secret of Japanese Cuisine

Mirin is a quintessential ingredient in Japanese cuisine, known for its unique sweet flavor and versatile use in various dishes. But what exactly is mirin, and how can it elevate your culinary creations? In this article, we will explore the origins of mirin, its types, uses, and some tips on how to select the right mirin for your kitchen...

Nicetas the Goth
FEAST

Nicetas the Goth: Unraveling the Legacy of a Gothic Chieftain

Nicetas the Goth is a fascinating figure in the annals of history, often overshadowed by more prominent leaders and events of his time. His life and deeds provide insight into the complexities of Gothic society during the late antiquity period...

Nicomedes
FEAST

Nicomedes: The Influential Mathematician of Ancient Greece

Nicomedes was a prominent Greek mathematician and astronomer of the ancient world, known primarily for his teachings and significant contributions to geometry and the understanding of curves. His work notably influenced future generations of mathematicians and scientists...

Our Lady of Sorrows
FEAST

Understanding Our Lady of Sorrows: A Profound Devotion

Our Lady of Sorrows, also known as Mater Dolorosa, is a significant title given to the Virgin Mary, representing her profound suffering and compassion. This devotion highlights Mary's role not just as the mother of Jesus but also as a witness to His passion and suffering...

  • In 2020, the historic Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement was signed in Washington, D.C., establishing diplomatic relations between Israel and two key Arab nations, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain. This landmark event marks a significant step towards peace and cooperation in the Middle East.

  • Discover the shocking events of the 2017 Parsons Green bombing in London, a significant incident that reshaped the city's security landscape. Stay informed about this pivotal moment in history and its impact on public safety.

  • In 2011, a tragic mining accident at Gleision Colliery in the Swansea Valley, Wales, resulted in the death of four miners. This devastating incident highlights the importance of safety regulations in the mining industry.

  • In 2008, Lehman Brothers made headlines by filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, marking the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history. This pivotal event played a crucial role in the financial crisis, reshaping the banking landscape and impacting the global economy.

  • In 2004, NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman announced a lockout of the players' union, leading to a temporary halt of operations at the NHL head office. Discover the implications of this pivotal moment in hockey history.

  • In 2001, former Formula One driver Alex Zanardi experienced a tragic accident during a CART race at the Lausitzring in Germany, leading to the amputation of both his legs. This life-altering event shocked the motorsport community and marked a pivotal moment in Zanardi's extraordinary career.

  • In 1995, Malaysia Airlines Flight 2133 tragically crashed at Tawau Airport in Malaysia, resulting in the deaths of 34 passengers. This incident remains one of the significant aviation disasters in Malaysian history.

  • In 1983, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin announced his resignation, marking a significant moment in Israeli political history.

  • In 1981, the John Bull achieved the remarkable distinction of becoming the world's oldest operable steam locomotive. This historic event took place when the Smithsonian Institution successfully operated the locomotive under its own power just outside Washington, D.C. Discover more about this iconic piece of transportation history and its preservation efforts.

  • In 1981, the Senate Judiciary Committee made history by unanimously approving Sandra Day O'Connor as the first female justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. This landmark decision marked a significant milestone in the pursuit of gender equality within the highest court in the nation.

  • In 1978, at the iconic Superdome in New Orleans, Muhammad Ali triumphed over Leon Spinks in a thrilling rematch, marking a historic milestone as the first boxer to secure the world heavyweight title three times.

  • In 1975, the French department of Corsica was restructured into two distinct regions: Haute-Corse (Upper Corsica) and Corse-du-Sud (Southern Corsica). Discover the unique charm and characteristics of each region on this beautiful Mediterranean island.

  • In 1974, Air Vietnam Flight 706 experienced a hijacking, leading to a tragic crash during its landing attempt. The incident involved 75 individuals on board, marking a significant event in aviation history.

  • In 1972, a domestic flight operated by Scandinavian Airlines System from Gothenburg to Stockholm was hijacked and redirected to Malmö Bulltofta Airport. This notable incident highlights significant events in aviation history.

  • In 1971, the inaugural Greenpeace ship set sail from Vancouver to protest the imminent Cannikin nuclear weapon test in Alaska. This historic voyage marked the beginning of Greenpeace's commitment to environmental activism and opposition to nuclear energy.

  • In 1968, the Soviet Zond 5 spacecraft achieved a historic milestone as the first spacecraft to successfully orbit the Moon and return safely to Earth's atmosphere. This groundbreaking mission marked a significant advancement in space exploration and the understanding of lunar travel.

  • In 1966, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson addressed the nation following a tragic sniper attack at the University of Texas at Austin. He penned a pivotal letter to Congress advocating for the urgent implementation of gun control legislation to enhance public safety and prevent future tragedies.

  • In 1963, a tragic bombing at an African-American Baptist church in Birmingham, Alabama, claimed the lives of four innocent children, marking a pivotal moment in the civil rights movement.

  • In 1962, the Soviet ship Poltava embarked on a journey to Cuba, marking a pivotal moment that triggered the Cuban Missile Crisis. This historic event played a crucial role in escalating Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union.

  • In 1959, Nikita Khrushchev made history as the first Soviet leader to visit the United States, marking a significant moment in Cold War diplomacy.

  • In 1958, a tragic accident occurred when a Central Railroad of New Jersey commuter train plunged through an open drawbridge at Newark Bay, resulting in the loss of 48 lives. This devastating incident highlights the critical importance of rail safety and infrastructure maintenance.

  • In 1954, Marilyn Monroe captured the world's attention with her iconic skirt scene while filming the classic film The Seven Year Itch. This unforgettable moment is a defining highlight of Monroe's legacy in cinema history.

  • In 1952, the United Nations officially transferred control of Eritrea to Ethiopia, marking a significant moment in the region's history. Explore this pivotal event and its lasting impact on Eritrea and Ethiopia's relationship.

  • In 1950, during the Korean War, the U.S. X Corps executed a strategic landing at Inchon, marking a pivotal moment in the conflict.

  • In 1948, the F-86 Sabre achieved a remarkable milestone by setting the world aircraft speed record at an impressive 671 miles per hour (1,080 km/h). Discover the legacy of this iconic fighter jet in aviation history.

  • In 1948, as part of Operation Polo, the Indian Army successfully captured the towns of Jalna, Latur, Mominabad, Surriapet, and Narkatpalli, marking a significant event in Indian military history.

  • In 1947, Typhoon Kathleen struck Japan's Kantō region, resulting in the tragic loss of approximately 1,000 to 2,000 lives. This devastating natural disaster remains a significant event in Japan's weather history.

  • In 1945, a powerful hurricane devastated southern Florida and the Bahamas, wreaking havoc at Naval Air Station Richmond, where 366 airplanes and 25 blimps were destroyed. Discover the impact of this historic weather event on aviation in our detailed analysis.

  • The Battle of Peleliu commenced in 1944 as the United States Marine Corps' 1st Marine Division and the 81st Infantry Division of the United States Army landed on White and Orange beaches. The troops faced intense fire from entrenched Japanese infantry and artillery, marking a pivotal moment in Pacific Theatre combat.

  • In 1944, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill convened in Quebec during the Octagon Conference to strategize key military plans. This pivotal meeting marked a significant moment in World War II diplomacy and collaboration between the two leaders.

  • In 1942, during World War II, the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS Wasp was tragically sunk by Japanese torpedoes off the coast of Guadalcanal, marking a significant event in naval warfare history.

  • 1940 – World War II: Experience the pivotal climax of the Battle of Britain as the Luftwaffe executes its largest and most concentrated assault of the entire campaign, shaping the course of history. Discover the key events and strategies that marked this crucial moment in wartime aviation and military tactics.

  • In 1935, Nazi Germany introduced a new national flag featuring the iconic swastika, symbolizing the regime's rise to power and its nationalistic ideology. Discover the historical significance of this emblem during a pivotal period in German history.

  • In 1918, during World War I, Allied forces successfully breached Bulgarian defenses on the Macedonian front, marking a pivotal moment in the conflict.

  • In 1916, during World War I, tanks made their debut in battle at the iconic Battle of the Somme. This pivotal moment marked the beginning of armored warfare, transforming military tactics and strategies forever.

  • Discover the pivotal New Culture Movement of 1915, when Chen Duxiu founded the influential New Youth magazine in Shanghai, igniting revolutionary ideas and cultural transformation in China.

  • 1894 – First Sino-Japanese War: Japan triumphs over the Qing dynasty of China in the significant Battle of Pyongyang. Discover the key events and implications of this pivotal conflict in East Asian history.

  • In 1873, following the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War and the payment of indemnity, the final Imperial German Army troops departed from France, marking a significant moment in European history.

  • "1862 – During the American Civil War, Confederate forces successfully capture Harpers Ferry, Virginia, marking a significant turning point in the conflict."

  • In 1835, HMS Beagle, featuring renowned naturalist Charles Darwin, arrived at the Galápagos Islands. The expedition made its first landing at Chatham Island, also known as San Cristobal, the easternmost island in the archipelago, marking a pivotal moment in the history of evolutionary science.

  • In 1830, the historic Liverpool to Manchester railway line officially opened, marking a significant milestone in transportation. Tragically, British MP William Huskisson became the first widely reported railway passenger fatality when he was struck and killed by the locomotive Rocket. This pivotal event highlighted both the advancements and dangers of early railway travel.

  • In 1821, the Captaincy General of Guatemala officially declared its independence from Spanish rule, marking a significant milestone in Central American history.

  • Experience the pivotal 1820 Constitutionalist Revolution in Lisbon, Portugal, a significant event that shaped the nation’s history and governance. Uncover the motives and impacts of this transformative uprising that led to the establishment of constitutional monarchy in Portugal.

  • In 1816, HMS Whiting famously ran aground on the treacherous Doom Bar, a significant maritime event that highlights the dangers of this notorious coastal feature.

  • In 1813, the Eight Trigram Sect, loyal to Lin Qing, launched a failed assault on the Forbidden City in a bid to overthrow the Jiaqing Emperor of the Qing dynasty. Discover the historical events and implications of this significant attempt to challenge imperial authority.

  • 1812 – War of 1812: A second supply train, dispatched to support Fort Harrison, falls prey to an ambush during the Attack at the Narrows. Discover the pivotal events and strategies that shaped this significant conflict in American history.

  • In 1812, during the unsuccessful French invasion of Russia, Napoleon's Grande Armée arrived at the Kremlin in Moscow, marking a pivotal moment in history. Explore the events that led to this significant campaign and its lasting impact on Europe.

  • In 1795, Britain captures the Dutch Cape Colony in southern Africa to thwart its potential use by the Batavian Republic, marking a significant shift in colonial power dynamics in the region.

  • Discover the pivotal moment in history during the French Revolutionary Wars in 1794, when Arthur Wellesley, who would later become the Duke of Wellington, experienced his first combat at the historic Battle of Boxtel in the Flanders Campaign. Explore the significance of this battle and its impact on Wellesley's military career.

  • In July 1789, the United States established the "Department of Foreign Affairs," which was later renamed the Department of State. This pivotal agency was assigned a range of crucial domestic responsibilities, shaping the nation's governance and international relations.

  • 1776 – American Revolutionary War: British forces successfully land at Kip's Bay, marking a significant event in the New York Campaign. Explore the pivotal moments of this historical conflict.

  • "Discover the pivotal moment of 1762 during the Seven Years' War at the Battle of Signal Hill. Explore the events that shaped this historic clash and its significance in the broader context of the war."

  • In 1556, the ex-Holy Roman Emperor Charles V departs from Vlissingen, embarking on his journey back to Spain. Discover the historical significance of this pivotal moment in European history.

  • Discover the miraculous portrait of Saint Dominic, which first appeared in Soriano Calabro, Calabria, Italy, in 1530. This extraordinary event is commemorated as a feast day by the Roman Catholic Church from 1644 to 1912, celebrating the enduring legacy of Saint Dominic. Explore the rich history and significance of this revered portrait today!

  • In 1440, Gilles de Rais, one of history's earliest known serial killers, was apprehended following accusations by Jean de Malestroit, the Bishop of Nantes. This pivotal moment marked a significant turn in the infamous life of de Rais, who would later become notorious for his heinous crimes.

  • In 994, the Fatimid Caliphate achieved a significant victory over the Byzantine Empire at the historic Battle of the Orontes, marking a pivotal moment in medieval military history.

Births

  • Felix

    2000 – Felix, Australian rapper

  • Jaren Jackson Jr.

    1999 – Jaren Jackson Jr., American basketball player

  • Quin Houff

    1997 – Quin Houff, American racing driver

  • David Raya

    1995 – David Raya, Spanish footballer

  • Joe Ofahengaue

    1995 – Joe Ofahengaue, New Zealand-Tongan rugby league player

  • Terry McLaurin

    1995 – Terry McLaurin, American football player

  • JP Tokoto

    1993 – JP Tokoto, American basketball player

  • Dennis Schröder

    1993 – Dennis Schröder, German basketball player

  • Josh Richardson

    1993 – Josh Richardson, American basketball player

  • Phil Ofosu-Ayeh

    1991 – Phil Ofosu-Ayeh, German-Ghanaian footballer

  • Lee Jung-shin

    1991 – Lee Jung-shin, South Korean musician and actor

  • Matt Shively

    1990 – Matt Shively, American actor

  • Aaron Mooy

    1990 – Aaron Mooy, Australian footballer

  • Oliver Gill

    1990 – Oliver Gill, English footballer

  • Tim Moltzen

    1988 – Tim Moltzen, Australian rugby league player

  • Chelsea Kane

    1988 – Chelsea Kane, American actress and singer

  • Vaila Barsley

    1987 – Vaila Barsley, Scottish footballer

  • Heidi Montag

    1986 – Heidi Montag, American reality television personality and singer

  • Jenna Marbles

    1986 – Jenna Marbles, American YouTuber and comedian

  • François-Olivier Roberge

    1985 – François-Olivier Roberge, Canadian speed skater

Deaths

  • Elias Khoury

    2024 – Elias Khoury, Lebanese intellectual, playwright and novelist (b. 1948)

  • Tito Jackson

    2024 – Tito Jackson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1953)

  • Fernando Botero

    2023 – Fernando Botero, Colombian painter and sculptor (b. 1932)

  • Lou Angotti

    2021 – Lou Angotti, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1938)

  • Ric Ocasek

    2019 – Ric Ocasek, American musician (b. 1944)

  • Helen Clare

    2018 – Helen Clare, British singer (b. 1916)

  • Bernard Van de Kerckhove

    2015 – Bernard Van de Kerckhove, Belgian cyclist (b. 1941)

  • Meir Pa'il

    2015 – Meir Pa'il, Israeli commander, historian, and politician (b. 1926)

  • Harry J. Lipkin

    2015 – Harry J. Lipkin, Israeli physicist and academic (b. 1921)

  • Wayne Tefs

    2014 – Wayne Tefs, Canadian anthologist, author, and critic (b. 1947)

  • Jürg Schubiger

    2014 – Jürg Schubiger, Swiss psychotherapist and author (b. 1936)

  • Nicholas Romanov

    2014 – Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia (b. 1922)

  • Eugene I. Gordon

    2014 – Eugene I. Gordon, American physicist and engineer (b. 1930)

  • John Anderson Jr.

    2014 – John Anderson Jr., American lawyer and politician, 36th Governor of Kansas (b. 1917)

  • Jackie Lomax

    2013 – Jackie Lomax, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1944)

  • Gerard Cafesjian

    2013 – Gerard Cafesjian, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1925)

  • Habib Munzir Al-Musawa

    2013 – Habib Munzir Al-Musawa, Indonesian cleric and scholar (b. 1973)

  • Nevin Spence

    2012 – Nevin Spence, Northern Irish rugby player (b. 1990)

  • Tibor Antalpéter

    2012 – Tibor Antalpéter, Hungarian volleyball player and diplomat, Ambassador of Hungary to the United Kingdom (b. 1930)

  • Frances Bay

    2011 – Frances Bay, Canadian-American actress (b. 1919)

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